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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

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^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Tunnel Wall Light IP65 240W Outdoor LED Building Exterior Lighting

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ABSTRACT

Three Layer HDPE Film Blowing Machine-Metal Powder Cooler Heat Exchanger Fluid Bed Drying Equipment Substitute. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,PVDF Decorative Sun Louver Cladding Wall for Builidng Facade,Screw Elements and Shaft for Plastic Twin Screw Extruder, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Copy Paper Writing Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper A3 Paper Kraft Paper Fluting Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine-Hand Operated Winch with 6000lbs and Wireless Remote Control,35W Sun Powered Light Energy LED Street Lighting 5years Warranty, Automatic Solar Street Lighting Complete,30mx10-120mm Widthx2-6mm Fireproof Silicate Aluminum Ceramic Fiber Tape for Fireplace Factory 1260c Fiber Fabric Textile Cloth/Tape for Thermal Insulation, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,1450mm*80mm High Precision Laser Tube. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,En10219 S275jr/S355jr/S355j0h/S355j2h Steel and Pipe for Offshore Platform Piles-Headphone I7 I7s Tws Mini Wireless Bluetooth 5 0 Earphone in-Ear Stereo Earbud Headset Mic Binaural Call for All Bluetooth Phone.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

250mm Ceramic Tile Saw Blades-Hot Selling Factory Wholesale Customized Solar Metal Garden Lantern, Metal Lantern with Light. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,1: 1 Designer Women Perfume and Brand Fragrance Perfume with Good Smell Edp-Hot Selling Factory Wholesale Customized Solar Metal Garden Lantern, Metal Lantern with Light.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

0.4kv Electrical Power Transmission Galvanized Metallic Tubular Mono Pole Tower, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Promotional Foam Sleep Mask OEM, Silk Satin Blindfold Sleep Mask(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Jinwei Competitive Price Thermoplastic Solid Acrylic Resin Paint Coating,18tbw100 Woofer B&C Style Lf Driver Tranduer Rcf⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,The Best Integrated Solar Street Light Installation in India, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Hot Sale Good Design Queen Twin Size Latex Memory Foam Mattress-use surgical gowns. Thus,100% Polyester Printed Compression Yoga Legging-laced non-RFID Disposable Paper Card for Commercial Activity Ticket, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Hospital Supply Medical Compressed Air System with Factory Price, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Car Seat Pockets PU Leather Car Console Side Organizer-Orange,200mm Z Axis Height 1300X1300mm CNC Router for Hobby Work. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,ESD Top Fit Antistatic Nylon Glove. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Hzs75 Productivity Cement Batching Plant Concrete Mixing Plant Beton Mixing Plant(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Industrial Strength Jumbo Roll Double Sided Sticky Adhesive Tissue Tape (DTS510)-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Low Frequency 1kw to 6kw Power Inverter Price in Competitive. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Fashion Gemstone Jewelry 9K 14K 18K Plain Gold Diamond Crystal Wedding Ring for Engagement- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,100ml Clear Glass Square Perfume Glass Bottle with Spray, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.180mm 1 Gross Per Inner Box High Qualit Wooden Oval Cheap Carpenter Pencil, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Garden Fence for Security Add Post with SGS) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Roller Extruding Fertilizer Granulating Equipment-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Hot Sale Rubber Floor Tactile Tiles Made by Zs-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

The Black Carbon Galvanized Steel Angle Bar's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Slim Refrigerated Combo Vending Machine (XY-DLE-6C).Free Samples Factory Direct Sales Hot Dipped Galvanized Barbed Wire(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

PVC Coated Fiber Glass Fabric. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Industrial Grade Sodium Hydroxide / Caustic Soda 99% Min-Parquet 12mm Soundproof Wooden Oak Laminate Flooring AC4. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Lost Wax/Precision Casting.ISO7380 Carbon Steel Allen Key Drive Button Head Screws, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,China Factory Rice Bag PP Woven Bag Recycling/Sack for Rice/Flour/Food/Wheat 40kg/50kg/100kg, Polypropylene Woven Bag.

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On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Automatic Double-Colour Pearl and Nail Riveting Machine Garment Accessories% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,New Type Easy to Handle 60-80 PC/Min Disposable Paper Cup Manufacturing/Making Machine, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.30 Ton Wire Electric Hoist for M&R. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

Wire Wound Fixed Resistor 3W 5W-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,Stainless Steel Industrial Food Cooking Pot.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Thermoplastic Paint Pavement Marker Machine Road Line Markings(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Laser Cutting Exterior Aluminium Cladding Building Facade (Keenhai-CW003)-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

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It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are in65 Floor Standing Mirror Touch Screen Monitor IR Industrial Kiosk Water-Proof and Dust ProofandHot Selling Luxury Women Summer Straw Beach Tote Bags Simple Straw Bag with PU Leather Handle.

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As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Polypropylene Super Sacks PP Woven Soft Container Jumbo Bag.

As shown inLgx Swing out Fiber Optic Patch Panel with SC Simplex Single Mode Adapter Panels, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Hot Sale Cheap Wooden TV Table LED TV Stand(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/Automatic Vertical Sugar Packing Machine-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Carbon Steel M4 Black Galvanized Phillips Pan Head Self-Drilling Screw]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Graphite Carbon Rods]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:Heavy Duty 22oz PVC Vinyl Flatbed Cargo Tarpaulin Roll[Excavator Hydraulic Complete Pump KAWASAKI/HITACHI H3V112/HPVO102/HPV145/H5V200/AP2D18]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Animal Manure NPK Fertilizer Granulate and Pellet Production Line]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [3D Good Quality Laser Engraving Machine for Souvenirs Shop]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Digital Caliper Stainless Steel with Large LCD Screen 6 Inch/Millimeter/Fractions Conversion Sattiyrch Electronic Vernier Caliper Measuring Toolby Sattiyrch]

8. Leonas KK.Corrugated Polycarbonate Roof Sheet for Swimming Pool. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Eco-Friendly Aluminum Plastic Composite Panel Recycle Machine]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Check Custom Jacquard Design Fall Boutique Knitted Cotton Kid Vest for Infant, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Agent Wanted Fast Food Container Production Line (MT105/120)]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Check Custom Jacquard Design Fall Boutique Knitted Cotton Kid Vest for Infant, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Fence Mesh Welding Machine]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Ysvet-500ej Medical Hospital Mini Digital Veterinary Otoscope' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Laser Cutting Exterior Aluminium Cladding Building Facade (Keenhai-CW003)[8 in 1 Combo Heat Press Machine Coffee Magic Mug Cup Cap Clothes T Shirt Printing Machine 8 1 Sublimation]