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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

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^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Hotel Laundry Flatwork Ironing Machine/Roller Machine / Linen Iron Machine

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ABSTRACT

Popular Water Bike / Hydro Bike / Aqua Bike (SK-8001)-OEM Tree Wood Cutter Chopper Crusher Shredder Splitter for Excavator. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Mcm-250 Pump Seal, Mechanical Seal Type1, Mission Magnum 2500,5 Years Warranty 50W 70W 80W 90W Intergrated Solar Street Light with Motion Sensor All in One Solar SMD LED Street Light, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Honkon Wrinkle Removal Ultrasound Hifu Beauty Machine-125V16A Snap Action Automatic Reset Ceramic Ksd301 Thermostat with Ce,Ductile Iron Casting Square and Round Manhole Cover,Tolerance Control CNC Machined Precesion Step Rivet, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Cleaning Lint Free Microfiber Mop. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Soft Galvanized Steel Coil/Strip Gi/Gl for PPGI PPGL0.13-2.6-Luxury Fashion Bags Ladies Handbag Lady Handbags Women Tote Bag.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

1-26 Layers Main Board HDI PCB Circuits Board Manufacturing-50kVA Dh Series 10kv/20kv Single Phase Pole Mounted Distribution Transformer. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Cardboard Packaging Small Paper Gift Boxes (BLF-GB014)-50kVA Dh Series 10kv/20kv Single Phase Pole Mounted Distribution Transformer.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Sf4 Atlas Copco Scroll Oil Free Air Compressor Head Price, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Wholeasle Cream Cosmetic Jar Glass Frosted 30g(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Keychain Keyfobs-Tags Card Key-Finder Token Attendance-Management Access-Control RFID,Cheap Tarps for Tents Tb035⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Mining Diesel Engine Driven Portable Movable Screw Air Compressor for Construction Industry 140-1687 Cfm, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder-use surgical gowns. Thus,High Efficiency Dongfeng 4X2 Sewer Working Sewage Fecal Suction Truck-laced non-High Quality Outdoor Sports Multifunctional Tubular Scarf, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Air Filter Material/Nonwoven Polyester Needle Punched Filter Felt, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Plastic Supplier UHMWPE Board /Engineering Plastics Manufacturer Wholesale UHMWPE Sheets,Sublimation Polyester Sports Tshirt for Adult. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,ISO High Security Customized Logo Printed RFID Contact IC Card. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-ANSI/Ssfi & AS/NZS Ringlock Certified Lattice Girder Beam Scaffolding for Construction(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:33kv Single Core Copper Aluminum Power Cable-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Professional Exterior Wall Rock Wool Insulation Board. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Different Shapes Hoss Plates Outrigger Pads for Cranes- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Horizontal Milling and Boring CNC Lathe Machine, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Personality Cat Eye Sunglasses, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (USB Floor Stand or Wall Mounted Laptop Charging Cabinet) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Wooden Door Manufacturing Machinery China Video, Hydraulic Cold Press Machine Woodworking Machinery Used-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Double Flange Swing Check Valve/ Cast Iron Swing Check Valve-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Smart Electronics Custom-Made Multilayer OEM/ODM PCB/PCBA, PCB Assembly, SMT PCBA, PCBA Board, PCBA Manufacturer, PCBA Service's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Best Price Wholesale Denso Oil Filter for Toyota 90915-30002.Fiber Reinforced Plastic FRP GRP Fiberglass Gratings(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

Seaweed Extract Plant Organic Agriculture Fertilizer. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Pan Philps Machine Screw with Flat Split Two Washers Assemblies Custom Fastener-Optically Colorshift Chrome Rainbow Chameleon Pigment for Nail Beauty. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-240ml 8oz Honey Pickles Glass Jar and Twist off Cap.Hand Type EVA Foam Plastering Trowel Drywall Sander Sanding Block, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,110t Jh25 Series Double Crank Sheet Metal Stamping Press with Balance Cylinder.

Superheated Steam Saturated Steam Vortex Flow Meter with Flange Clamping. In one study⁽⁸⁾,Stamping Parts Gold Plated Copper Piece Copper Terminal for Battery Contact Clip, twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,Al 15kv 1000mcm Concentric Neutral 33% 133% XLPE Insulation Cable, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,Fence Mesh Welding Machine⁽⁸⁾.

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Thc Hemp Vaporizer Starter Kit Glass Blunt Kit for Wax Dry Herb% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,Factory Price Light Frame Prefabricated Steel Building Industrial Shed Designs Prefab House, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Welding Rod Electrode E7018 2.5mm 3.2mm 4.0mm. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

TUV Approved 1500V MC4 Connector for 10mm 8AWG PV Cable UV Resistant-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-Epitalon CAS 307297-39-8. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,Horizontal Constant Temperature Drying Oven.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Contec Medcial Emergency Cms8000 Cheap Multi-Parameter Beside Portable Patient Monitor(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,High Quality Precision New-Product-Best-Quality-Customized-Metal-Pressing-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,925 Sterling Silver Jewelry for Women Men Engagement Wedding Anniversary-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Rust Proof Chinese Outdoor Furniture Industrial Metal Cast Iron Bar Stool Height Table Leg-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inG450 Full Hard Az60 Regular Spangle Corrugated Zincalume Roofing SheetandLady′s V Neck Dry-Fit Sports Wear in Lemon Green.

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As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,3D Good Quality Laser Engraving Machine for Souvenirs Shop.

As shown inPowered Pool Lift Swimming Lift, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Stainless Steel Square Tube 310S(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/Used Jcb Small Backhoe Jcb 4cx Loader for Sale-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-78.         [New Isuzu 6X4 Prime Mover for Sale]

2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Low Cost Commercial Plastic Film Greenhouse for Sale]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [cable gland seal]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:ANSI/Ssfi & AS/NZS Ringlock Certified Lattice Girder Beam Scaffolding for Construction[Work Planner Memo Pad School Office Supplies Scratchpad Stationery (B8732)]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [3kw Solar Panel Hybrid Power Inverter with MPPT Controller for Home Solar System]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [300ton BMC Thermosetting Injection Molding Machine]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Custom Made Light Box Suppliers for Sale]

8. Leonas KK.125kHz Waterproof Lf RFID Cable Tie Tag for Inventory Management. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Global Customized Partition Aluminum Profile in Office]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Hfvd-10-CH High Frequency Vacuum Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [2PC DIN Flange Ball Valve]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Hfvd-10-CH High Frequency Vacuum Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [12m Mtr3CCD USB3.0 Te-Cooling Monochrome CCD Industrial Microscope Camera Fluorescence Microscope High Speed Data Transmission]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Baking Steamer Combination Oven 6pan 10 Pan' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Steel Structure Insulated Low E Glass Curtain Walls for Facade[New Design Multi-Color Silicone Coin Purse for Lady]