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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.SMD 0.75 Wire Fast Connector for LED SMT Connector. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Rigid Solid Yellow Color Plastic Pet Sheet Roll
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. PCB Assembly

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ABSTRACT

Smart Button Switch One-Touch Remote Control for Lights, Appliances, and Scenes - Smartthings Hub Compatible - Zigbee-Eco-Friendly Aluminum Plastic Composite Panel Recycle Machine. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Application for All Kinds of Mine Tunnel Mining Electric Excavator,Small Size Luxury Dog Bed Leather Material, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Chziri AC Inverter 15 Kw Ce Approved Zvf300-G015/P018t4MD-Cement Mixer Truck 6cbm,500L Turnkey Micro Beer Brewery Equipment for Sale,Precision OEM Sheet Metal Part Switch Panel, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Rollo De Papel De Cuello Automaico Que Hace La Maquina PARA EL Corte Del Pelo Del Peluquero. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,2018 Original Ninebot Electric Kick E-Scooter Es1 Es2-Popular in The Middle East 24t 28t 32t Bogie.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Watermrk Drop in Bathroom Basin Sink-LED Pixel Addressable Madrix Silicon 360 Degree Flexible Neon Rope LED Strip Light Christmas Decoratios Wedding Decoration Lighting. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Common Dayflower Herb Extract Powder with Best Quality-LED Pixel Addressable Madrix Silicon 360 Degree Flexible Neon Rope LED Strip Light Christmas Decoratios Wedding Decoration Lighting.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

HOWO 30 Ton Heavy Dumper Truck for Sand Gravel Transporting, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Professional Inkjet Printer Ultrasonic Printhead Cleaning Machine for Epson Dx5 Dx7 Seiko 510 Konica 512 Polaris Xaar Spectra UV/Solvent Print Head Cleaner(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Laser Etched Aluminum Architect Triangular Scale Ruler (WW-TSR03),Customized Modern Prefabricated Light Steel Structure Residential House Steel Villa⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Fashionable Ultra-Slim Wireless Fast Charging Charger, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Building Garbage Construction Waste Polypropylene Sack PP Woven Bag-use surgical gowns. Thus,7PCS U Shape Outdoor Sectional Patio Furniture Brown Wicker Sofa Set-laced non-Aluminum Foil Padded Bubble Mailers with Logo, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Silk Like 3D Printer PLA Filament, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Industrial Polyamide (nylon) Needled Felt air Filter Bag for Dust Collector,Bending Spring. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Wholesale From China Conveyor Belt Machine and Steel Cord Conveyor Belt. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Commercial Automatic Stainless Steel Big Ice Cube Maker Machine(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Car Air Purifier Multi-Layer Filter2019 Low Noise High Cadr HEPA Best Seller Car Air Cleaner-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Free Custom Foldable Dog Bowl /Silicone Pet Feeding Bowl. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Top Quality 22.5*4 Lace Frontal Natural Straight Human Virgin Hair- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Black Glass Ceramic, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.BS 1387 ASTM A53 Stainless Weld Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipes Price, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Ultrasonic Cleaning Equipment 2.5L Fruit and Vegetable Washer for Home Use) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Silver Pure 1050 Aluminium Circle for Cooking-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Stamping / Stamping Part / Punching Part / Metal Stamping / Metal Cold Pressing-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Molecular Sieve 5A Adsorbent for Methane H2 Psa's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Custom Unique Irregular Shaped Iron Stamped Gold Coating Rheinland Pfalz Crown Cross Medals (179).Chicken Slaughtering Machine for Sale(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

Sport Waterproof R13 PRO Outdoor Activity Tracker Heart Rate Monitor Smart Watch. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,OEM Precision MIM Parts, Metal Injection Molding Parts-Semi Automatic Coffee Milk Protein Spice Chemical Cocoa Talcum Powder Auger Filler Filling Packing Machine. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-High Quality Factory-Made 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer.Diamond Circular Turbo Sotne Cutting Saw Blades for Masonry, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,10-50kg Quartz Sand Powder Filling Machine with Paper Valve Bag.

Cheap 20tons LPG Semi Trailers Gas Tank Transport Trailer for Sale. In one study⁽⁸⁾,Compact Stainless Steel Heat Pipe Solar Water Heater, twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,Automatic Self-Adhesive Packing List Pouch Courier Bag Making Machine for EMS, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,Good Quality Motorcycle Lift Ramp⁽⁸⁾.

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Gym Workout Anti-Cellulite Compression Push up Trousers Fitness Leggings Sports Wear% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,Hot Deal Double Stringer Straight Staircase with Glass Railing, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Fashion Wholesale Nylon Custom Cotton Compression Socks. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

The 6 Piece Sets of The Star Shape Cookie Mould Baking Tool to Turn The Sugar Cake Mould-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-Express Packing Seal Expanded Pure Teflon with Silicon Core Packing. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,Factory Customclothing Garment Woven Patch.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)0.45mm Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Making Information Boards(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Full Prints PU Girls Cute Kiss Lock Coin Purse with Clasp-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,DIN439 Structural Stainless Steel Heavy Nuts Zp-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are in26inch 27.5inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bicycle MTB Frameand2.5mm*2.5mm *7 Kg Roll Hot Dipped Galvanized Barbed Wire for Africa Market.

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Competitive Price Comfortable Polyester Microfiber Pillowstates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,IP65 Waterproof SMA Female Bulkhead to Ufl 1.37 RF Pigtail Cable.

As shown in20′x20′ High Peak Outdoor Frame Tent Garden Gazebo, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Manufacturer Wholesale Pet Hammock Bed/Dog Car Seat Cover Nonslip Hammock/Dog Car Seat Cover Waterproof(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/Heavy Material Handling Vehicle Steel Factory Transport-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [High Whiteness Quartz Silica Powder 200-2500mesh for Precision Ceramic]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Comfortable Men′s Safety Shoes Sport in Guangzhou]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:Wicker Willow Rattan Flower Gift Fruit Garden Basket[35 Degree Parallel Placed Escalator]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [-Made in China Electric Vehicle Charging-Station]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Customized Sand Casting Fitness CNC Machinery Part]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [3 Door Gold Display Cabinet]

8. Leonas KK.Zinc Coated Steel Wire Strands Galvanized Steel Wire. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Retractable Sleeve Labels of Daily Chemical Products]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:High Whiteness Quartz Silica Powder 200-2500mesh for Precision Ceramic, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [High Quality Shockproof Gym Mattress for Gym Center Sports Court Fitness Weight Area]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:High Whiteness Quartz Silica Powder 200-2500mesh for Precision Ceramic, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Qdhz Brand 1.6 Ton Agricultural High Quality Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Sweeper for Sale]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Refractory Al2O3 Water Pump Ceramic Seals High Pressure Sealing Rings' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:China High Quality Turbo Diamond Cutting Blade[Stainless Steel Heavy Duty Clamp]